ExamShortcut
high importance~3-5 Q in Tier 13 formulas⚡ 4 shortcuts4 subtopics

Every formula in this topic, grouped by subtopic. Print it and pin it above your desk.

What a syllogism is and how to test it

Transitivity of All
A \subset B \wedge B \subset C \Rightarrow A \subset C

'All A are B + All B are C → All A are C' is the only freely chained rule.

Conversion of All
\text{All } A \subset B \Rightarrow \text{Some } B \subset A

Valid (classes are assumed non-empty): 'Some B are A' follows.

Conversion of No / Some
\text{No } A \cap B \Leftrightarrow \text{No } B \cap A;\quad \text{Some } A \cap B \Leftrightarrow \text{Some } B \cap A

Both convert symmetrically.